Alongside institutionalized ethnic discrimination against the Han people that stirred resentment and rebellion, other explanations for the Yuan's demise included overtaxing areas hard-hit by crop failure, inflation, and massive flooding of the Yellow River as a result of the abandonment of irrigation projects. The Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) ruled before the establishment of the Ming dynasty. Founding of the dynasty Revolt and rebel rivalry The shortest was his son's reign, the Taichang Emperor, who ruled for only one month (in 1620). The longest Ming reign was that of the Wanli Emperor, who ruled for forty-eight years. These provinces were vast areas, each being at least as large as England. These include Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou. These provinces were divided along traditional and to a degree also natural lines. Outside of metropolitan areas, Ming China was divided into thirteen provinces for administrative purposes. Other important developments include the moving of the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. For a brief period during the Ming dynasty northern Vietnam was included in the Ming dynasty's territory. During the Ming dynasty, the territory of China expanded (and in some cases also retracted) greatly. The civil service dominated government to an unprecedented degree at this time. Its institutions were generally preserved by the following Qing dynasty. It had long been the most secure and unchallenged ruling house that China had known up until that time. The Ming dynasty is, for many reasons, generally known as a period of stable effective government. There were enormous projects of construction, including the restoration of the Grand Canal, the restoration of the Great Wall as it is seen today, and the establishment of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century. Although private maritime trade and official tribute missions from China took place in previous dynasties, the size of the tributary fleet under the Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He in the 15th century surpassed all others in grandeur. Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy and a standing army of 1,000,000 troops. At its height, the Ming dynasty had a population of 160 million people, while some assert the population could actually have been as large as 200 million. It was the successor to the Yuan dynasty and the predecessor of the short-lived Shun dynasty, which was in turn succeeded by the Qing dynasty. The Ming dynasty (23 January 1368 – 25 April 1644), officially the Great Ming, founded by the peasant rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang, known as the Hongwu Emperor, was an imperial dynasty of China.
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